Criminal Jurisdiction Disorientation: The Problem of Formulating Aut Dedere Aut Judicare in Indonesia and Germany
Keywords:
aut dedere aut judicare, comparative law, criminal jurisdiction, German StGB, Indonesian Penal CodeAbstract
The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP) marks a significant milestone with the adoption of the aut dedere aut judicare principle through Article 7. However, the formulation of this provision raises critical questions regarding its compatibility with international standards. This study conducts a normative legal analysis using a comparative approach between Indonesia's Article 7 KUHP and Germany's §§ 6 and 7 StGB, which has long implemented this principle within a similar civil law tradition. The findings reveal that Indonesia adopts a delegative approach referring to international treaties, requires unconditional presence, and omits any reference to extradition, while Germany adopts a limitative approach with explicit enumeration of crimes and conditional prosecution on failed extradition. Indonesia's formulation suffers from six significant weaknesses: conceptual confusion between aut dedere aut judicare and universal jurisdiction; the absence of an extradition link; the delegative approach violating legal certainty; lack of dual criminality; undifferentiated treatment of citizens and foreigners; and absence of procedural integration. This study proposes a reconstruction of Article 7 with five paragraphs establishing universal jurisdiction for core crimes, rules for citizens with dual criminality, conditional jurisdiction for foreigners based on failed extradition, a decision-making framework, and ne bis in idem protection. The study recommends immediate legislative amendment and implementing guidelines.
Downloads
References
Book
Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Edward M. Wise. Aut dedere aut judicare: The Duty to Extradite or Prosecute in International Law. Leiden: Brill, 2023.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana, 2017.
Mitchell, Claire. "1. Sources of the ‘Aut Dedere Aut Judicare’ Obligation." In Aut Dedere, Aut Judicare: The Extradite or Prosecute Clause in International Law. Geneva: Graduate Institute Publications, 2009.
Muhaimin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Mataram: Mataram University Press, 2020.
Ryngaert, Cedric. "The Principles of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction." In Jurisdiction in International Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Sefriani. Hukum Internasional: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2022.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Manual on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition. New York: United Nations, 2012. https://www.unodc.org/documents/organized-crime/Publications/Mutual_Legal_Assistance_Ebook_E.pdf?utm_source.
Journal
Aditama, I Made Kresna Sanjaya. "Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia: Analisis KUHP Baru Dan Implikasinya." Perspektif Administrasi Publik Dan Hukum 3, no. 1 (2026): 11-19.
Blešić, Jovana. "Aut dedere aut judicare in International and Domestic Law." Faculty of Law (2022): 213–224.
Boz, Burak. "From the Past to the Future of Extradition: The Rise of a New Obligation as Reverse Extradition." Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 4, no. 2 (December 2022): 494–539.
Brata, Trisna Agus. "Kedudukan Hukum Ekstradisi dalam Hukum Pidana Internasional." Badamai Law Journal 8, no. 1 (March 2023): 106–117.
Citrawan, Harison, and Muhammad Fedian. "A Behavioral Approach to Bilateral Cooperation on Criminal Laws: A Case Study on Indonesia’s Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties." Indonesia Law Review 2 (2020): 137–157.
Colorio, Matteo. "The Aut Dedere Aut Judicare System for Crimes Against Humanity: A Critical but Missing Tool in the Fight Against Impunity." Journal of International Criminal Justice 22, no. 1 (March 2024): 1–17.
Damos. "The Courts and Treaties: Indonesia’s Perspective." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–18.
Dewanto, Wisnu Aryo, and Go Lisanawati. "The Implementation of Treaties in Indonesia’s Legal System: A Case Study on Extradition." Graduate Law Journal 17, no. 2 (April–June 2024): 183–194.
Dubber, Markus D. "Criminal Jurisdiction and Conceptions of Penality in Comparative Perspective." The University of Toronto Law Journal 63, no. 2 (Spring 2013): 247–277.
Ekon, Yanto M.P. "Praktek Pemberlakuan Perjanjian Internasional oleh Negara Republik Indonesia." Unes Law Review 6, no. 3 (March 2024): 7899–7913.
Enebeli, Victor Nonso. "A Scholarly Examination of Extradition Law in Nigeria and Its Implications Within the Framework of International Law." Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 139 (2024): 76–88.
Fadilah, Ahmad Arif, and Dwi Nur Fauziah Ahmad. "Analysis of the Expansion of the Principle of Legality in Renewing Criminal Law." Jurnal Domus Legalis Cogitatio 1, no. 1 (2024): 121–135.
Fahamsyah, Ermanto, Vicko Taniady, Kania Venisa Rachim, and Novi Wahyu Riwayanti. "Penerapan Prinsip Aut Dedere Aut Judicare Terhadap Pelaku Cybercrime Lintas Negara Melalui Ratifikasi Budapest Convention." De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syari’ah 14, no. 1 (2022): 140–159.
Faizal, Ahya Aditya N. "Analysis of International Law on Extradition Treaties Between Countries in Indonesia: A Juridical Review." International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science 4, no. 1 (2025): 205–216.
Garrod, Matthew. "Unraveling the Confused Relationship Between Treaty Obligations to Extradite or Prosecute and ‘Universal Jurisdiction’ in the Light of the Habré Case." Harvard International Law Journal 59, no. 1 (Winter 2018): 125–196.
Hameed, Usman. "Aut Dedere Aut Judicare (Extradite or Prosecute) Obligation — Whether a Duty Rooted in Customary International Law?" International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 5, no. 9(1) (September 2015): 239–248.
Hidayat, Muhammad Fajar, Rika Vintar Daluas Aritonang, and Hani Lavea. "Analisis Asas Ne Bis In Idem dalam Hukum Acara Pidana Indonesia." Jurnal Kajian Hukum dan Kebijakan Publik 1, no. 2 (2024): 250–258.
Indrastuti, Lusia, and Doris Rahmat. "Scope and Standards of the Double Criminality Principle in Extradition Agreements." International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2022): 217–224.
Jin, Jing, and Erika Techera. "Strengthening Universal Jurisdiction for Maritime Piracy Trials to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System for Community Interests." Sustainability 13 (2021): 1–31.
Khen, Hilly Moodrick Even. "Mutual Legal Assistance and Double Criminality: Bolstering the Struggle against Impunity Outside the ICC Framework." Journal of International Criminal Justice 23, no. 1 (March 2025): 87–106.
Lariu, Filip Andrei. "Immunity as a Circumstance Excluding the Operation of the Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute Part I: The Principle of aut Dedere aut Judicare." Romanian Journal of International Law 27 (2022): 39–55.
Lumingkewas, Gabrilia Sonia Elisabeth. "Efektivitas Mutual Legal Assistance dalam Ekstradisi Kasus Kejahatan Transnasional." Lex Crimen 13, no. 5 (2025): 1–11.
Maringka, Jan Samuel. "Extradition in Criminal Justice System Related to Foreign Jurisdiction." Pattimura Law Journal 1, no. 2 (March 2017): 79–97.
Mohammadi, S. "Impunity, Extradition, Prosecution, International Criminal Law." Legal Studies in Digital Age 3, no. 1 (2024): 1–11.
Putri, Novalinda Nadya. "Penerapan Prinsip Aut Dedere Aut Judicare Dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana Internasional." Delega Lata: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 6, no. 1 (2021): 142–157.
Rabkin, Jeremy A., and Craig S. Lerner. "Criminal Justice Is Local: Why States Disregard Universal Jurisdiction for Human Rights Abuses." Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 55 (2022): 375–412.
Rembet, Zefanya Alberto, Roy Ronny Lembong, and Youla O. Aguw. "Ekstradisi Sebagai Suatu Upaya Hukum dalam Penindakan Terhadap Pelaku Kejahatan Menurut UU No 1 Tahun 1979." Lex Administratum 10, no. 3 (2022): 137–157.
Sitorus, Tonggo, Muhammad Rafandi Harahap, Ferdinand Sembiring, and Syaiful Asmi Hasibuan. "Development of the Principle of Legality in Indonesian Criminal Law." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science 2, no. 1 (January 2024): 278–285.
Situngkir, Danel Aditia. "Asas Legalitas dalam Hukum Pidana Nasional dan Hukum Pidana Internasional." Soumatera Law Review 1, no. 1 (2018): 22–42.
Subihat, I. "Aut dedere, Aut Judicare: Extradite or Prosecute in Combating Impunity for Perpetrators of International Crimes." Intellectual Law Review 3, no. 2 (2025): 108–118.
Sveaass, N., and H. D. Iversen. "Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984)." Faith in United Nations Human Rights Treaties (2026): 206.
Timothy, Stanley Maxilian, and Dave David Tedjokusumo. "Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana yang Melarikan Diri: Kajian Yuridis atas Perjanjian Ekstradisi antara Indonesia dengan Malaysia." Iuris Studia: Jurnal Kajian Hukum 5, no. 1 (2024): 147–156.
Wahid, Abdul. "Pemberlakuan Hukum Ekstradisi Bagi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi." Jurnal USM Law Review 6, no. 1 (2023): 34–51.
Yustitianingtyas, Levina, and Dewi Setyowati. "The Effectiveness of Mutual Legal Assistance Cooperation at the ASEAN Level as an Effort to Overcome Terrorism Crime." Perspektif Hukum 25, no. 1 (2025): 118–145.
Proceeding
Eser, Albin. "The Role of Comparative Law in Transnational Criminal Justice." In Justice Without Borders: Essays in Honour of Wolfgang Schomburg, edited by Martin Böse, Michael Bohlander, André Klip, and Otto Lagodny, 123–139. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2018.
Prakasa, Satria Unggul Wicaksana, Basuki Babussalam, and Agus Supriyo. "Transnational Corruption and Its Impact on Indonesian Jurisdiction." In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, vol. 499, 43–53. 2nd International Conference on Law, Governance and Social Justice (ICOLAGS 2020), 2020.
Puspitasari, Dyah Rosiana. "Ekstradisi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana Internasional." In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil Riset (SNHR) 2022, 89–99. Yogyakarta: Universitas Janabadra, 2022.
Laws and Regulations
Strafgesetzbuch [German Criminal Code]. §§ 6–7. In Gesetze im Internet, Federal Ministry of Justice and for Consumer Protection. Accessed March 2026. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__7.html?utm_source.
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1979 tentang Ekstradisi. Jakarta: Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, 1979.
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, 2023.
Website
Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi. “Penegakan Hukum Keimigrasian Naik 94,4% — 2.174 Deportasi Sepanjang Tahun 2023.” Press Release, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, 13 June 2024. https://www.imigrasi.go.id/siaran_pers/2024/06/13/dirjen-imigrasi-januari-mei-2024-penegakan-hukum-keimigrasian-naik-944?utm_source.
Financial correspondent. "KPK Still ’Owes the Public’ as Five Corruption Fugitives Remain at Large." Jakarta Globe, August 6, 2025. https://jakartaglobe.id/news/kpk-still-owes-the-public-as-five-corruption-fugitives-remain-at-large?utm_source.
Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations. “The Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction.” Sixth Committee – Agenda Item 85, Statement by the Federal Republic of Germany, 12 October 2022. https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/universal_jurisdiction/12mtg_germany.pdf?utm_source.
Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan. Laporan Tahunan PPATK Tahun 2024. Jakarta: PPATK, 2025.
Trial International. Universal Jurisdiction Law and Practice in Germany. April 2019. Open Society Justice Initiative. https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Universal-Jurisdiction-Law-and-Practice-in-Germany.pdf.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Recht: Journal of Legal Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
